crude palm kernel oil – Journal of Oil Palm Research

AN IMPROVED METHOD FOR THE DETERMINATION OF CHLORPHYRIFOS IN PALM OIL MATRICES USING GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY

mpob_admin — Sat, 13 Nov 2021 08:03:40 +0000

The objective of this study was to improve the method for determining chlorpyrifos, an organophosphorus insecticide, in various palm oil matrices. Chlorpyrifos was separated from the oil matrices using acetonitrile extraction and then subjected to the solid phase extraction (SPE) clean-up process. A silica-based SPE was used for the clean-up process. Quantification of the extracted chlorpyrifos was carried out using a gas chromatograph (GC) equipped with an electron capture detector (ECD). The GC detector response was tested using standard solutions containing 0.005 to 0.12 mg ml^-1 of chlorpyrifos. The retention time for chlorpyrifos was 4.8 min with the minimum detection limit at 0.005 mg ml^-1. The average recoveries of chlorpyrifos from crude palm oil (CPO) spiked with 0.02, 0.04, 0.06, 0.08 and 0.1 mg ml^-1 chlorpyrifos were 94 ± 2.3%, 93 ± 1.4%, 99 ± 1.6%, 97 ± 2.9% and 95 ± 0.7%, respectively. In the case of crude palm kernel oil (CPKO) and refined, bleached, deodorised palm olein (RBDPOo), the recovery of chlorpyrifos from the spiked oil samples containing 0.02 to 0.1 mg ml^-1 of chlorpyrifos ranged from 100% to 101% and from 93% to 99%, with the coefficient of variation ranging from 1.3% to 3.0% and from 0.7% to 2.9%, respectively. The method developed was used to determine the chlorpyrifos content in samples of CPO, CPKO and RBDPOo from mills and a refinery in Selangor, Malaysia. No chlorpyrifos residue was detected in any of the CPO, CPKO and RBDPOo samples collected.

DETERMINATION OF λ-CYHALOTHRIN IN PALM AND OALM KERNEL OIL USING TANDEM SOLID-PHASE EXTRACTION CARTRIDGES

mpob_admin — Sat, 13 Nov 2021 08:03:01 +0000

This article outlines a new method based on low-temperature fat precipitation extraction with acetonitrile and graphitised carbon black/primary secondary amine (GCB/PSA) solid-phase extraction clean-up for the extraction of λ-cyhalothrin residue in both crude palm oil (CPO) and crude palm kernel oil (CPKO). Determination of λ-cyhalothrin was then carried out using gas chromatography (GC) equipped with an electron capture detector (ECD). Analyses for λ-cyhalothrin in palm oil and palm kernel oil samples spiked with different levels of λ-cyhalothrin (0.05, 0.08, 0.1, 0.5, and 1.0μg g^-1) were performed. Mean recoveries for six replicates ranged from 82% to 98% for CPO and from 86% to 94% for CPKO, with relative standard deviation (RSD) values of less than 10% in most cases. The limit of detection for λ-cyhalothrin in both CPO and CPKO was 0.05 µg g^-1. The method was successfully applied to the analysis of λ-cyhalothrin in CPO samples obtained from local palm oil mills throughout Malaysia. No λ-cyhalothrin was found in the 30 samples analysed.

GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS FOR THE PRODUCTION OF CRUDE PALM KERNEL OIL – A GATE-TO-GATE CASE STUDY

mpob_admin — Sat, 13 Nov 2021 08:04:16 +0000

Currently, carbon footprint, also known as greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, is such a catchphrase in the world that it has become a must for responsible producers to quantify the carbon footprint of their products. The Malaysian oil palm industry is an export-orientated industry which relies heavily on the world market. Export earnings of oil palm products in 2010 alone reached RM 59.77 billion, while palm kernel oil exports increased to 1.16 million tonnes. However, the oil palm industry is under constant attack for its performance from the perspective of the environment, especially with regard to its GHG emissions. Being an export-orientated industry, this issue has to be tackled head-on to quantify the GHG emissions of the oil palm industry. The objectives of this study were to quantify the GHG emissions from the production of 1 t of crude palm kernel oil (CPKO) at the kernel-crushing plant, and to compare the GHG emissions of 1 t CPKO with and without biogas capture at the palm oil mill for a kernel-crushing plant located near the ports compared to a kernel-crushing plant located near the palm oil mill. The scope of this study is limited to the palm oil mill and the kernel-crushing plant. It starts at the palm oil mill where the fresh fruit bunches (FFB) are received, to the production of palm kernel at the mill, to the transportation of the palm kernel to the kernel-crushing plant, right up till the production of CPKO at the kernel-crushing plant. GHG emission was calculated using the global warming potential and emissions factors. Within the system boundary, the main contributor to GHG emission comes from the biogas at the palm oil mill, followed by the electricity from the grid for processing the palm kernel into CPKO. Capturing the biogas at the palm oil mill where the palm kernel is produced and using the biogas as a renewable energy source, reduces the main GHG emissions in this study. By integrating the kernel-crushing plant with the palm oil mill, GHG emissions from both the electricity to process the palm kernel into CPKO and transportation of the palm kernel to the kernel-crushing plant are reduced significantly. The best scenario will be to integrate the kernel-crushing plant with a palm oil mill that captures its biogas to obtain the best carbon footprint for the production of CPKO.