ARTICLE IN PRESS

ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES FOR THE DETECTION OF PALM OIL ADMIXTURE – A REVIEW

FARAH KHUWAILAH AHMAD BUSTAMAM1,2*; MOHD SUKRI HASSAN2; YEOH CHEE BENG1; SYAZA AZHARI2 and NAJWA SULAIMAN1

DOI: https://doi.org/10.21894/jopr.2026.0006
Received: 12 March 2025   Accepted: 4 November 2025   Published Online: 21 January 2026
ABSTRACT

During the crude palm oil (CPO) extraction process, oils are also recovered at certain stages to minimise the oil losses. These recovered oils are known as empty fruit bunch oil (EFBO), steriliser condensate oil (SCO), sludge palm oil (SPO) and palm-pressed fibre oil (PPFO). The quality of recovered oils is inferior to that of freshly pressed CPO, highlighting the need for separate segregation. Effective monitoring of segregation requires the use of screening and detection techniques to identify admixtures in palm oil products. Therefore, this article aims to review the analytical techniques developed, including spectroscopy and chromatography, for detecting palm oil mixed with recovered oil. Despite palm oil admixture detection, the application of analytical technique for adulteration of other fats and oils was also reviewed. The application of Fourier transform-infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, encompassing the near infrared (NIR) and mid infrared (MIR) regions, when coupled with chemometric techniques such as principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least squares regression (PLSR) analysis, is highlighted as a potential screening technique for detecting palm oil admixtures due to its rapid, practical and the advantage of requiring minimal sample preparation or chemical usage.

KEYWORDS:


1 Malaysian Palm Oil Board,
6, Persiaran Institusi, Bandar Baru Bangi,
43000 Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia.

2 Faculty of Science and Technology,
Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia,
71800 Nilai, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia.

* Corresponding author e-mail: fkhuwailah@mpob.gov.my