Studying the plant spiral is essential for accurate frond number detection and canopy structure analysis. This study developed a two-dimensional phyllotaxis image template (2DPIT) for frond identification in oil palm trees. The template successfully identified the positions of frond number one (FN1), which serves as a reference point for determining the position of other fronds. Aerial data indicated that FN1 consistently exhibits the highest angular deviation, while frond number nine (FN9) showed minimal variation, confirming its near-vertical orientation. The deviation angles of FN1 and FN9 were analysed across various plantation ages using UAV-based and ground measurements. Overall, block differences were not significant, but interaction effects revealed age-related trends, with FN1 deviation peaking in older palms. A mathematical model was proposed to describe frond deviation as a function of frond number. Although a quadratic model was tested, an exponential decay model, proved to be more suitable, incorporating age-adjusted parameters for A and k. Model validation demonstrated strong performance, especially for right-handed spirals (Mean Absolute Error [MAE] = 3.02°, Root Mean Square Error [RMSE] = 3.85°), aligning with their dominance in oil palm phyllotaxis. These findings support the use of aerial imagery and spiral modelling as a non-destructive basis for future machine learning applications.