Journal of Oil Palm Research Vol. 33 (1) March 2021, p. 93-102
EXTRACTION AND PURIFICATION OF PHYTOSTEROLS MIXTURE FROM PALM FATTY ACID DISTILLATE (PFAD) USING MULTISTAGE EXTRACTION PROCESSES
DOI: https://doi.org/10.21894/jopr.2020.0067
Received: 26 November 2019 Accepted: 11 March 2020 Published Online: 22 September 2020
Phytosterols are among the bioactive compounds naturally present in vegetable oils and their by-products or derivatives. A phytosterol resource (PSR), solid by-product from the extraction of vitamin E in palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD), contains 2%-4% (w/w) total sterols. Therefore, the extraction of phytosterols from the PSR in a mini-pilot scale involving multistage extraction processes was developed to recover the valuable minor component. The multistage extraction and purification processes comprised of solid-liquid extraction (SLE) with hexane at 35°C in 1 hr, saponification reaction at the reflux temperature of 80°C for 1 hr, liquidliquid extraction (LLE) with hexane and water, and crystallisation and vacuum filtration at -5°C for 20 hr. On average, gas chromatographic (GC) analysis showed the phytosterols recovered from the extraction and purification process had more than 80% purity. The recovery of total sterols from the PSR was 84% composed of β-sitosterol (21%-22%), campesterol (13%-20%) and stigmasterol (59%-64%). This extraction process is technically feasible to extract and produce crude phytosterols from a PFAD by-product.
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* Malaysian Palm Oil Board,
6 Persiaran Institusi,
Bandar Baru Bangi,
43000 Kajang,
Selangor, Malaysia.
E-mail: norfaizah@mpob.gov.my
** Department of Bioprocess Technology,
Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences,
Universiti Putra Malaysia,
43400 Serdang,
Selangor, Malaysia.